Vitamins (part-1)
What are?
Vitamins are relatively simple organic compounds that, although they only appear in smallest amounts, are essential for the life. The animal, generally, are not able to synthesize them they do or it in insufficient amounts, reason why they must obtenerfas from foods, sometimes like vitamins, that is to say, molecules that the metabolism of the animal transforms later into vitamins. Some exceptions exist, like the vitamin C, that is necessary in the humans, but is synthesized by the majority of the animal from glucose. Vitamins are component coenzymes or of coenzymes. The animal require certain daily amounts of each vitamin and any alteration in these amounts can produce upheavals in the metabolic processes. These upheavals can be: vitamin deficiency, if there is a total deficiency of a vitamin; hipovitaminosis, if the deficiency is partial; and hipervitaminosis, if an excess of a vitamin exists.
Vitamins are present in foods in smallest amounts compared to the macro-nutrients, proteins, carbohydrates and fats. The adult average in the industrialized countries infers around 600 grams of dry weight in food to the day, of which less than 1g is vitamins.
A unique food does not exist that contains all the vitamins, therefore a diet balanced and varied for a suitable ingestion is needed. Each one of the thirteen vitamins that are known nowadays own a specific function in the organism, that makes unique and irreplaceable. Vitamins because they are essential for the life. Of thirteen vitamins, four are liposoluble: vitamin To, D, and K. The rest are water soluble: vitamin C and vitamins of the complex B, B1, B2, B6, B12, folic acid, biotin, pantothenic acid and niacin.
History
The history of vitamins can be divided in five periods:
1) The empirical treatment of some diseases by means of hundreds of foods. Nowadays, these diseases are recognized like vitamin deficiency. An example is the use of the liver to deal with the nocturnal blindness (deficiency vitamin A), by the Egyptians (Papyrus Ebers 1550-1570 AC), Chinese, Japanese, Greek, Roman, Persian and Arab Syrians. Another example is the treatment of escorbuto (vitamin deficiency C) with the extract of pine needles (Indian North Americans) and with citruses (European of century XVII).
2) The second period around 1890, was characterized by the ability to induce diseases by deficiencies, as the beriberi, took to the concept of which small amounts of "accessory factors of growth" are necessary for the growth and the life, and to the term "vitamine", given by the Funk scientist in 1912.
3) The third period was characterized by seven decades of investigations, arriving itself at the discovery, isolation, structuring and synthesis of all the vitamins, finalized with the syntheses of the B12 vitamin in 1972. The majority of the scientists thinks that the discovery of some new vitamin is improbable, although they are continued the efforts in this sense. Many of the investigators of this "time of gold" of vitamins received the Nobel prize in recognition to the obtained profits, among them, Sir Frederick Hopkins, call the "father of vitamins".
4) A fourth period started during the establishment of the biochemical functions, the dietarios requirements and the commercial production. In 1930, for example, I reach the conclusion that the B2 vitamin (riboflavin) was part of an enzyme, this finding took to determine the roll of vitamins of the complex B like coenzymes. The first commercial synthesis of vitamin C was the realised one by Reichstein in 1933, being the principle of a successful industrial effort that took to the vitamin availability relatively little expensive for the investigation, and the use of fortificantes of foods and for supplements. With the flour fortification, cereals and other foods, the diseases by specific vitamin deficiencies such as escorbuto, beriberi, raquitismo and pelagra are branches in developed countries. But in Africa, Asia and Latin America the chronic diseases related to the diet continue being a problem for the public Health. In these countries the necessity exists to eliminate the frank deficiencies by vitamin, C and Vitamins of the complex B, like thus also deficiencies by other micro-nutrients (Iodine, iron, selenium, Zinc and calcium). In any case, still in countries highly industrialized numerous nutritional evaluations of the population they indicate that the marginal vitamin deficiency is still frequent. They are difficult to detect and mainly ignored, it exists today in vitamins is related to an increased risk to develop chronic diseases.
5) The increasing number of works on the benefits beyond the prevention of deficiencies and the new biochemical functions of vitamins has given rise to a fifth period that began in 1955 with the report that the niacin owned an effect in the reduction of the cholesterol. This effect nowadays is well accepted, not having anything to do with the classic coenzyme roll, knowing a clearly effect on the health, besides the prevention of the classic enfermdedad by him deficiency, that is pelagra. From this it completes observation, a great amount of epidemiological works has suggested rich the vitamin food consumption antioxidants, vitamin C, and E, ß-carotene, reduces the risk of suffering certain chronic diseases, such as certain types of cancer, cardiovascular diseases and cataracts. The investigators suggested free radical them of I oxygenate, highly reactive and potentially harmful they contribute to the development of these diseases when attacking the cellular membranes, the nucleic proteins and acids. Vitamins antioxidants are part of the natural defenses against the free radicals of I oxygenate. Institutes of world-wide reputation estan generally investigating the precise roll of vitamins and antioxidanes in particular in mantenimiendo of a optimum health.
Finally, the work in the knowledge of the biochemical function of vitamins in you complete two decades has expanded in considerable form our concepts of how they work in our organism and they adudan to give a chemical base for obsercaciones "in alive" of his effects on the health. Vitamins continue fascinating and in the center of renewed attention on the part of the investigators, of the professionals of the health of the nutrition, of goburnamentales beings, as well as of I publish generally.
Dealing With a Prolapsed Bladder
A cystocele can also be called a prolapsed bladder and can occur from excessive straining, such as during heavy lifting, chronic constipation or during childbirth. This condition is common in older women who have given birth to several children and are at a higher risk for developing a cystocele than others.
A cystocele develops when the wall between the bladder and a woman’s vagina weakens and the bladder is allowed to fall into the vagina. This condition will cause discomfort and problems both during emptying of the bladder and during sexual intercourse. But the problems do not stop there. Women who have a cystocele also suffer from urine leakage and incomplete emptying of the bladder because of the position inside the vagina. In some cases the opening of the urethra stretch and leakage will occur when any type of pressure is placed upon the bladder, such as coughing, laughing or sneezing.
During diagnosis the physician will grade the cystocele. Grade 1 is when the bladder drops only a short way, grade 2 the bladder sinks far enough to reach the opening of the vagina and in grades three the bladder will bulge out through the opening of the vagina. Even though a cystocele its caused from excessive muscles straining, and men will experience this with heavy lifting or chronic constipation, because of their physiological structure men are on able to experience a cystocele.
Vitamins in Your Diet
The human life would be in impossible truth for want of enzymes and vitamins, because they are the people in charge to turn our food into energy. Vitamins also take part in the promotion of the growth and the maintenance of the immunological function. They allow that the reproduction takes place and promote the longevity.
As well, the minerals also are important to have healthy bones and teeth. Like vitamins, the minerals cannot be produced by the body and must also come from the diet.
Now you can arrive to know his deficits vitamins and to improve specific problems of health significantly as lack of appetite, the depression and the premature aging. Next we exhibit a complete material that reunites all the more recent discoveries on vitamins and their beneficial effects on the organism.
That Amount of Vitamins we must Ingest?
Although all we needed the same minerals and vitamins to enjoy the well-being and of a good health, the individual requirements vary with the age, sex, style of life and occupation. Due to this it cannot have a formula landlord with which to determine the individual requirements. There are tables that give the average nutritional requirements, but these are basically a mere approach by the way in which they have calculated. These tables really give Recommended Diaries of vitamins. He is unquestionable that all we needed to take nutrients in the correct amounts to maintain a health optimal. The difficult thing is to determine as they are those amounts. For example, an pregnant woman has dietetic needs superiors of certain nutrients, whereas the adolescents require majors amounts of other nutrients to make sure their growth and development. The old ones need additional nutrients to resist the effects of the aging, and a busy executive submissive stress needs more certain nutrients to avoid the harmful effects that stress has on the whole body. The investigations indicate that vitamins help to maintain our system immune, and that, therefore its deficiency can aggravate the capacity of the body to resist to the diseases.
Where To obtain the Nutrients?
Nevertheless, the most important question of all is the one if we are obtaining from our food all the nutrients that we needed. Commonly one thinks that we can obtain all the vitamins and minerals that we needed if we eat a sensible good diet. But what is a sensible good diet? It is easy and practical to follow? How many times we forgot the breakfast to precipitate to us towards the work? How often we pricked a pizza or a hamburger when we run from return to the office after going of purchases or paying the invoice of the gas during our hour of lunch? When we return in the evening, it turns out tempting to buy a ready food "to take", because we were too much tired to cook.
It is important to fall the account that vitamins by definition, they cannot be produced by the body, and must, therefore, come from the diet. A vitamin is a delicate and unstable organization that can easily be destroyed during the transport from the farm to the factory, and from there to the supermarket. Little that is usually is lost in its way of the freezer to the microwaves, and of this one to the table. It is ironic that the typical western diet lacks sufficient amounts of essential nutrients, and that we pruned to be supercharged but we do not stop being undernourished.
How to assure to us not being undernourished in spite of being supercharged? The approach of a healthful diet accompanied by supplements will assure to us to obtain the correct amount of the nutrients required for an optimal health. One is due to have due well-taken care of when choosing supplements. The multivitamins and mineral general supplements usually are pills of "one to the day" that contain carefully graduated amounts of nutrients, and can serve as "security policy". A multivitamins-mineral preparation sensible good can be the unique thing that the body needs to obtain all the necessary vitamins and minerals. It will be possible to be taken, under the advice and the prescription of a doctor, adding nutrients isolated in case of specific needs. Nevertheless, all those that wish to carry out a natural nourishing diet to obtain the necessary nutrients, can do it and do without the supplements that.
Minerals in Your Diet
Besides carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur that comprise of organic molecules, our organism you appraise other elements, or like structural components or by their catalytic capacities comprising of the enzyme active centers. These elements are:
* Calcium: It is the abundant mineral but in the organism, since it is a fundamental component of the bones. Also it participates in the nervous transmission and it comprises of the structure of several enzymes
* Phosphorus: It is an essential component, along with calcium, in the structure of the bones and teeth. Form leaves mainly from many fundamental organic substances in many metabolic routes in implied in the obtaining and the transmission of energy. Also in that they maintain and they pass on the genetic message.
* Potassium: It participates in the maintenance of the osmotic pressure, especially inside the cells, and in the nervous transmission.
* Chloride: It takes part in the maintenance of the ionic equilibria and osmotic. Form leaves from the gastric juice.
* Sodium: It participates in the maintenance of the osmotic pressure, in compartment essentially extracellular, the nervous transmission and on the maintenance of balances acid-it bases.
* Magnesium: Form leaves from the bone. It is also necessary for the activity of many enzymes, especially of which ATP uses. In these enzymes, the mg is united really to the ATP, and not to the own enzyme.
* Iron: Form leaves of the hemoglobina (the protein that transports oxygen in the blood) and from the mioglobina (that does in the muscle). Also it comprises of enough enzymes. The organism is able to store important amounts of this element like reserve, associated to a called protein ferritina.
* Fluorine: Form leaves from the structure of the teeth and bones, although it is not a strictly essential element.
*Zinc: Form leaves from enough enzymes, like the carbonic-anhydrase or fosfatasa alkaline.
* It receives: Form leaves from some enzymes, like tirosinasa.
* Manganese: Form leaves from some enzymes, among them the mitocondrial superoxide dismutasa.
* Selenium: Form leaves from the selenocisteina, an amino acid peculiar, (equivalent to the cisteina, but with sulphur instead of selenium) present in glutation peroxidasa.
* Iodine: Its unique biological function is like component of tiroideas hormones
The majority of minerals is distributed very widely between all type of foods, in such a way that any diet that is not aberrant includes a sufficient amount of the majority of them.
The unique elements of which deficiencies can take place are the calcium, the iron and the iodine, and this with diets only based on certain foods that do not contain them or contain that them in a nonassimilable form. The calcium is distributed so much in origin foods animal like vegetable. Nevertheless, the present in vegetal foods is little assimilable, since these also contain substances like the oxalato or fitato kidnaps that it and prevents their absorption in the alimentary canal. The bran, in particular, contains important amounts of this type of substances. In the integral flour, around 70% of all the existing phosphorus it is comprising of fítico acid, whereas in the white flour this proportion descends to 30%. Also the vegetables and the almonds contain important amounts of this substance. In animal products the calcium is available more easily. The best source of this element is the milky products.
The iron also is widely distributed, but the problems related to their bioavailability are still majors that in the case of calcium. The iron in form hemo (as animal is generally in origin foods) is absorbed with relative facility, but the iron in inorganic form, no. Its absorption depends on the presence in the diet of other components, that favor their pick up, as it is the ascorbic acid (reduces Faith 3+ to Fe2+, but soluble) make difficult or it, like oxalic acid or fítico acid. Altogether, although the vegetal foods contain iron enough (not too much; independent of the legend, the lentils and spinach contain similar amounts to other similar foods) their low bioavailability causes that they are not good nourishing sources of this mineral.